Chapter+One

These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter.
 * //DEFINITION LISTS://** For each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words.

//Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2// Define the following key terms. 1. Metabolism: All the enzyme mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build, remodel, and break down organic molecules. 2. Homeostasis: The collection of processes by which the conditions in a multicelled organisms internal environment are kept within tolerable ranges. 3. Cell: The smallest unit with the properties of life. 4. Tissue: Organized array of cells and substances that are interacting in some task. 5. Organ: Structural unit of two or more tissue that interact in one or more tasks. 6. System (organ system): Organs that interact in one or more tasks. 7. Organism: An individual that consists of one or more cells. 8. Population (species): A group of individuals of the same species in a specified area. 9. Community: All populations of all species in a habitat. 10. Ecosystem: Community interacting with it's environment through a one way flow of energy and cycling of materials. 11. Biosphere: All regions of earth's waters, crust, and air where organisms live. 12. Prokaryatoic Cells: Single-celled organisms in which the DNA is not contained in a nucleus; a bacterium or archaeon. 13. Eukaryotic Cells: Types of cells that starts life with a nucleus. 14. Evolution: Change in a line of descent. 15. Dependent Variable: In experiments, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals and may change over time. 16. Independent Variable: The variable in a functional relation whose value is independent or is not affected by other variables. 17. Standardized Variable: Those that are unaffected by the experiment. 18. Bias: In a clinical trial, Bias refers to effects that a conclusion that may be incorrect as, for example, when a researcher or patient knows what a treatment is being given; to avoid bias, a blinded study may be done. 19. Placebo Effect: A medication (pill, liquid or other) that does not actually do anything, but many times the belief that it is an active med. makes patients get better. 20. Hypothesis: "Pre analysis" Scientific method of guessing or assuming what is going to happen or how the experiment is going to turn out. 21. Theory: "An expectation of what would happen." A set of statements or principles that maybe tested through experimentations. 22. Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change it's meaning. 23. Suffix: A word added at the end of another word to change the whole function and meaning of the word. 24. Word Root: The roof of the word carries the main meaning of the word. Example "Bio" means life. and is the root of the word Biology, which is the study of living things.

// By: Shilla Hashimi //

A branch of scientific study. It is centered on studying life and living organisms, such as how they grow, evolve, develop and function.
 * CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology**
 * 1.** **What is the definition of BIOLOGY?**

2**. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)**

1. __Organ system__ : F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task

2. __Cell:__ E. the smallest unit of life capable of 3. __Community:__ H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area

4.__Ecosystem__: J. a community interacting with its 5. __Molecule:__ G. two or more atoms bonded together

6. __Organelle:__ C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion) 7. __Population (species):__ L. a group of individuals //of the same//

//species// in a particular place at a particular time

__8.__ __Subatomic particle__: B. proton, neutron, or electron 9. __Tissue__: M. a group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function

__10.__ __Biosphere:__ D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms 11. __Multi-celled organism__: K. an individual composed of different types of cells

12.__Organ__: A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit 13. __Atom__: I. the smallest unit of an element

__A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit__ __B. proton, neutron, or electron__ __C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion)__ __D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms__ __E. the smallest unit of life capable of__ __surviving and reproducing on its own__ __F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task__ __G. two or more atoms bonded together__ __H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area__ __I. the smallest unit of an element__ __that retains the properties of that element__ __J. a community interacting with its__ __physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic)__ __K. an individual composed of different types of cells__ __L. a group of individuals //of the same//__ __//species// in a particular place at a__ __particular time__ __M. a group of cells that work together to__ __carry out a particular function__

By: Shilla Hashimi

__3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY?__ The way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of a relatively simple interactions. Emergent Property is the central to the theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. Example : Cell --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ System --> Animal

__4. **Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest.**__

__tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ__

1. Atom, 2. Molecule, 3. Organelle, 4. Cell, 5. Tissue, 6. Oran, 7. Organ System, 8. Multi-celled organisms, 9. Population, 10. Community, 11. Ecosystem, 12. Biosphere, 13. Subatomic particles.

__5. **What is life?**__ __Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things:__ 1. Inputs of Energy and Materials__.__ 2. Sense and response to the change. 3. Reproduce with help of DNA. 4. Differ in the details of their own traits.

__6. **Energy and Life’s Organization**__ __Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy?__

All living things need energy - the ability to do work. We, like every living organism, also need energy in order to assemble carbon and other atoms to make more cells.

__Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups:__ 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

A. Producers take up the left overs as source of nutrients. __Photosynthesis__ : use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms) B. __Consumers__ : these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. //Animals// eat producers or other consumers; //Decomposers// are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

//By: Shilla Hashimi//

Can **nutrients** be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain. No it cannot be recycled. It flows through the world of life in one direction. From the environment through the producers then through the consumers.
 * Analysis of the energy flow in living systems:**

Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow? It's a one way flow because with each transfer, some energy escapes as heat. Cells don't use heat to do work. The energy that enters the world of life ultimately leaves the world permanently.

What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers? All energy that enters an ecosystem eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat.

What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts. The sugar enters your bloodstream, and then your blood sugar levels rises. The added sugars bind to receptors on cells of the pancreas. Binding sets in motion a series of events that causes cells throughout the body to take up sugar faster, so the sugar level in your blood returns to normal.

What is DNA, and why is it so important? DNA is the signature molecule of life. It is the basis of growth, survival, and reproduction in all organisms. It is also the source of each individual's distinct features or traits.


 * 7.** **Life’s Diversity**

The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya? 1. Protists 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Animals Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains: Domain Characteristics Examples Bacteria- single cells, no nucleus. Archaea- single cells, evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes. Eukarya- has a true nucleus, single celled and multicelled. By: Colson Crim
 * Bacteria ||  ||   ||
 * Archaea ||  ||   ||
 * Eukarya ||  ||   ||
 * 8.** **Evolution by natural selection**

How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity?

What is a **mutation**?

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms: 1.

2.

3.

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection?

9. The Nature of Biological Inquiry

should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong. “if” hypothesis is correct “then” the prediction holds. || If tests confirm prediction, then this lends evidence in support of the hypothesis. If tests disprove prediction, then the hypothesis may be flawed. ||
 * **Observe** || some aspect of nature ||
 * Question || frame a question that relates to your observation ||
 * **Hypothesis** || **a testable answer to your question** ||
 * || **a testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process** ||
 * **Prediction** || Using hypothesis as a guide, make a statement of some condition that
 * **Test** || Devise experiments. Experiments may be performed on a model if experiments directly with a subject is not possible ||
 * **Results** || Assess results of the tests.
 * **Repeat** || Repeat to strengthen probability that hypothesis is strong. ||
 * **Report** || Report all steps of experiment as well as conclusions to scientific community ||

Why is critical thinking so important in science? It opens ones mind to a higher level of exploration and discovery without accepting a given.

How is the word THEORY defined in science?

Hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of testing, and it is useful for making predictions about other phenomena.

Complete the following table using information from your text:
 * Experiments || tests that can support or falsify a prediction ||
 * Variable || a characteristic that differs among individuals or events ||
 * Experimental group || a set of individuals that have a certaincharacteristic or receive a certain treatment ||
 * Control group || like the experimental group but have the characteristic tested ||

Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column.

1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT 2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong PREDICTION 3. a testable answer to some question or observation

HYPOTHESIS 4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects //except// for the one variable being studied.

CONTROL GROUP 5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests. SCIENTIFIC THEORY

6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events

VARIABLE

A. scientific experiment

B. variable

C. prediction

D. control group

E. hypothesis

F. scientific theory

BY KAREN KLEINDEL 1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. This ability is called a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. __**d. homeostasis**__.
 * Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4:**

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal vision. This situation is the result of a. adaptation. __**b. inheritance**__. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a muscle are all activities associated with a. adaptation. b. inheritance. __**c. metabolism**__. d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for a. the number of variables studied. __**b. the variable being studied**__ c. the sample size of each group d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The park would best be described as a. a species b. a community c. an organism e. none of the above
 * __d. an ecosystem__**

6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests. a. control __**b. theory**__ c. hypothesis d. prediction

7. TRUE-__**FALSE**__: A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area.

8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy) d. they reproduce __**e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms**__

Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11. You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage.

9. In this experiment, the //incubators set at different temperatures// would be the a. dependent variable __**b. independent variable**__ c. standardized variable

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? a.test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time. b.do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error. c.set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size. d.allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of contamination __**e.repeat the experiment at least 3 times.**__

11. What type of graph would better present this data? a. line graph __**b. bar graph**__

12. Which of the following depend **directly** on sunlight for energy? __**a. producers**__ b. consumers c. decomposers d. none of the above

13. TRUE or __**FALSE**__: Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment.

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17.

14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 __**d. 28,000**__. e. 0.028

15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? __**a. 280**__. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028

16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? a. 240 b. 120 c. 80 d. 60 __**e. 30**__

17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? a. 3 b. 15 c. 30 __**d. 60**__ e. 80

18. True or __**False**__: A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel.

19. True or __**False**__: It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix.

20. True or __**False**__: When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first.


 * By: Zaynah Somani **