Module+5+Review

Name: Module 5 Review Sheet What you need to know for Module 5 Exam: What is potential energy? STORED ENERGY What is kinetic energy? ENERGY OF MOVEMENT What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? 1ST LAW: ENERGY IS NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED 2ND LAW: ENERGY TENDS TO DISSIPATE IN SYSTEMS What is chemical energy? ENERGY OF THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES AND THE TYPE OF BONDS CONNECTING THE ATOMS TOGETHER Draw energy diagrams for endergonic and exergonic reactions. Explain the energy content of products and reactants in each instance.

ON PAPER

GIve some examples of processes that are exergonic.

BURNING A CANDLE OR PIECE OF WOOD

ATP: Which has more energy, ATP, ADP, AMP? ADP What is phosphorylation? THE TRANSFER OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER

Define oxidation and reduction. Give examples. A REACTION THAT INVOLVES THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS What is oxidized in cellular respiration? What is reduced? GLUCOSE IS OXIDIZED AND OXYGEN IS REDUCED

Enzymes: know the mechanics of an enzymatic reaction. How does an enzyme make reactions proceed more easily? Define substrate, __active__ site, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation, competitive inhibition.

ENZYMES WORK BY CHANGING THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED BY THE REACTANTS TO OVERCOME THE ACTIVATION ENERGY BARRIER AND ENTER A CHEMICAL REACTION. SUBSTRATED ARE REACTANTS. ACTIVE SITE IS THE LOCATION WHERE THE SUBSTRATE ATTACH TO THE ENZYME.

Know the peak pHs at which most enzymes operate. MOST HUMAN ENZYMES WORK BEST AT A PH OF 6-8 HOWEVER ENZYMES IN THE STOMACH WORK BEST AT A PH OF 1-2

What are some conditions that can denature an enzyme (which is a protein most of the time)?

COMPETITIVE INHIBITION, NON COMPETITIVE INHIBITION CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE, CHANGE IN PH, SALT

What are cofactors? INORGANIC MOLECULES THAT HELP ENZYMES

What are coenzymes? Examples? ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT HELP ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS. NIACIN HELPS THE METABOLISM OF CARBS, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS FOR ENERGY. DONE BY KAREN K Where does oxygen get involved in Cellular Respiration? During oxidation phosphorylation

Name 4 actions an enzyme takes to __help__ the reaction proceed. 1. helps specific substrate molecules get together at their active site

 2. helps orient substrates in positions that favor reaction

3.helps orient substrates in positions that favor reaction

4. shutting out water molecules

By: Hashimi

Know the three stages of cellular respiration. (order) Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport

For each stage, what is the starting reactant? __Glycolysis__ occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. The reactants of glycolysis are a molecule of glucose, two molecules of NAD-, and two molecules of ATP.

The __Krebs cycle__ occurs in the mitochondria

__Electron Transport__ occurs in the mitochondria Major products? __glycolysis products__: are two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NADH, and four molecules of ATP.

__Krebs products__: The cycle begins when the acetyl coenzyme A bonds with oxaloacetic acid. A series of reactions ensue, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and oxaloacetic acid.

Products of the __electron transport__ chain are ATP, oxidized NAD+ ions, and H2O Energy produced?

__Glycolysis:__ 2 ATP molecules. However, other molecules and ions are also produced.

__Krebs cycle:__ The two high energy molecules that are produced in the Krebs Cycles are NADH and FADH2

__Electron transport :__ The molecules of NADH FADH2 were given high energy electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Accounting summary for Aerobic Respiration Figured this summary out with Kate in class! hope you both understand. Book didn't give much info. ** *Zaynah* **
 * || How many ATP? || How many NADH? || NADH converted to how many ATP? || How many FADH2? || FADH2 converted to how many ATP? ||
 * Glycolysis || **2** || **2** || **2** || 0 || 0 ||
 * Krebs || **2** || **4** || **8** || **2 *2** || **4 ATP** ||
 * Electron Transport Chain || **32** || **10 *3** || **30** || 0 || 0 ||
 * Totals (ATP) || **36-38** || **16** || **40** || **4** || **4** ||

How many ATP utilized to transport NADH into mitochondrion? **2** So, overall NET ATP? **2**

1 FADH = 2ATP

Explain the electron transport system.

Please explain the above process, using as much detail as you can. (hey, a lot of the detail is right there, so you explaining it is most of the points!)
 * PICTURE NOT ABLE TO DISPLAY!! **


 * Electron Transport requires oxygen directly. The electron transport "chain" is a series of electron carriers in the membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Through a series of reactions, the "high energy" electrons are passed to oxygen. In the process, a gradient is formed, and ultimately ATP is produced. **
 * By: Zaynah Somani **